Abstract: Common wheat is an allopolyploid (2n = 6x = 42). Its genome includes the genomes of three ancestral species, which allows it to tolerate aneuploidy well due to the presence of excess genetic information located on homeologous chromosomes. This property was demonstrated on aneuploid lines created on the basis of common wheat. The absence of chromosome 3B in common wheat Triticum aestivum L. leads to abnormalities of meiotic division, including a decrease in the number of chiasmata and asynapsis. Substitution of chromosome 3B of common wheat with homeologous 3R chromosome of rye leads to disruption of chiasmata formation and asynapsis, disruption of chromosome compaction, asynchronous division of chromosomes in the second division of meiosis, abnormalities in the dynamics of the microtubular cytoskeleton. Probably, on the 3R chromosome of rye, in contrast to the homeologous 3B chromosome of soft wheat, there are no meiotic genes that play a key role in meiosis in soft wheat T. aestivum L. The aim of this study was a comparative analysis of meiotic genes on the 3B and 3R chromosomes of common wheat T. aestivum L. wheat and diploid rye Secale cereale, respectively. As a result of the analysis of the databases, it was found that on the 3R chromosome, three meiotic genes, TraesCS3B02G308600 (ASK1/ASK2), TraesCS3B02G048300 (FANCM), TraesCS3B02G458900 (EMS1), are absent. At the same time, only for the gene TraesCS3B02G308600 (ASK1/ASK2) the absence of homeologs in the genome of common wheat was demonstrate. Gene networks were constructed and analyzed based on the known meiotic genes of common wheat. The genes TraesCS3B02G048300 (FANCM), TraesCS3B02G458900 (EMS1) were located outside the constructed gene networks, while the gene TraesCS3B02G308600 (ASK1/ASK2) together with the main described meiotic genes formed a network of 22 genes. Thus, based on the obtained results, it can be assumed that the absence of the gene TraesCS3B02G308600 (ASK1/ASK2), elucidated in this study, which is a part of the described network, largely determines the nature of the meiotic process abnormalities of the wheat-rye substitution line 3R(3B).
Key words: gene networks; meiosis; asynapsis; wheat-rye substitution line; rye; Secale cereale L.; common wheat; Triticum aestivum L.
For citation: Zuravleva A.A., Babenko V.N. The role of chromosome 3B in the regulation of meiosis in common wheat Triticum aestivum L. Pisma v Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Lett Vavilov J Genet Breed. 2025;11(2):55-62. doi 10.18699/letvjgb-2025-11-09 (in Russian)
Funding: This work was supported by the budgetary project No. FWNR-2025-0009.

Abstract: A person is exposed to various chemical compounds throughout life, however, professional specialization determines the most dangerous impact on the body. An important problem is understanding the impact of the industrial environment on the genomic stability among the workers. It is known that contact with coal dust and coal combustion products (especially intense in industrial conditions) can negatively affect the human genetic apparatus. However, many aspects of such impact remain poorly studied. In particular, the epigenetic effects of industrial factors and their relationship with the accumulation of genomic disorders are still poorly known. 455 workers of coal-fired thermal power plants in Kemerovo and 448 residents of the same area not employed in production were examined. Genetic disorders were assessed using a micronucleus test with a cytokinesis block in blood lymphocytes. The analysis included such parameters as micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and protrusions. The methylation status of the promoter zones of the TP53, BRCA1 and ERCC2 genes was assessed using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The study revealed an increased frequency of micronuclei, bridges and protrusions in workers of coal-fired thermal power plants in contrast to the comparison group. When studying the distribution of the methylation degree of the promoter regions of the TP53, BRCA1 and ERCC2 genes, the highest frequency of hypermethylation of the promoters of all the studied genes was found in workers in contrast to the comparison group, which indicates the influence of the industrial environment of coal-fired thermal power plants. The study revealed an increase in the frequency of micronuclei, bridges and protrusions in workers with hypermethylated promoters of the TP53, BRCA1 and ERCC2 genes. The most pronounced change in the methylation profile was observed in workers over 50 years of age and with more than 25 years of work experience. The data obtained indicate the presence of genetic and epigenetic effects of the factors of the working environment of coal-fired thermal power plants on the genomic stability of workers.
Key words: coal; DNA methylation; micronuclei; TP53; BRCA1; ERCC2
For citation: Marushchak A.V., Astafyeva M.V., Glushkov A.N., Minina V.I. Cytogenetic damage and epigenetic status of the promoters of TP53, BRCA1 and ERCC2 gene promoters in coal workers. Pisma v Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Lett Vavilov J Genet Breed. 2025;11(2):63-72. doi 10.18699/letvjgb-2025-11-10 (in Russian)

Abstract: The aim of the work is to assess the adaptive potential of barley varieties created in breeding institutions in Siberia for yield in the northern forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Ob region. The studies were carried out in 2014–2023 in the collection crop rotation of the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding – Branch of the ICG SB RAS. The study material was 52 varieties of barley included in the State Register of the Russian Federation (zoned) in the West Siberian (10) and East Siberian (11) regions. The varieties were assessed according to the following indicators: general adaptability to environmental conditions, resistance to extreme environmental conditions, stability of yield formation in contrasting conditions. The adaptability of varieties was determined using the method of L.A. Zhivotkov et al. Resistance of varieties to stress conditions was assessed using A.A. Goncharenko, and the range of yield was assessed using the method of V.A. Zykin et al. The following varieties demonstrated high general adaptability to environmental conditions by maturity groups: early ripening varieties – Chervonets, Tanai and Simon (100–102 %); mid-early varieties – Sasha, Abalak, Kolchan, Talan, Zolotnik, Omskiy 88, Omskiy 86 (107–117 %); mid-season varieties – Salair, Vorsinskiy, Vorsinskiy 2, Omskiy 85 (117– 122 %). The highest yield potential over 10 years was demonstrated by: Omskiy 85 (1070 g/m2), Vorsinskiy 2, Sasha (1025 g/m2), Salair (1017 g/m2), and Narymchanin (1016 g/m2). The following varieties demonstrated resistance to stress (the smallest difference between maximum and minimum yields): early-ripening varieties – Zalarinets, Chervonets, Aikhal, Altan-Bulag (–371…–437 g/m2); mid-early varieties – Omskiy 88, Zolotnik, Pallidum 394 and Omskiy 80 (–237…–387 g/m2); mid-ripening varieties – Krasnoyarskiy 1, Omskiy 87, Vorsinskiy, Yenisei, Obskoy and Nikita (–434…–563 g/m2). The following varieties are characterized by compensatory capacity (the highest average yield in contrasting conditions): early-ripening varieties – Tanai, Chervonets, Simon and Kazminskiy (550–591 g/m2); mid-early varieties – Kolchan, Sasha, Omskiy 90, Vorsinskiy, Abalak, Talan and Omskiy 86 (650–720 g/m2); mid-season varieties – Omskiy 95, Salair, Omskiy 85, Vorsinskiy and Omskiy 90 (682–707 g/m2). The following varieties demonstrated stable yield in contrasting conditions: early-ripening varieties – Chervonets, Tanai, Zalarinets; mid-early varieties – Pallidum 394, Abalak, Kolchan, Omskiy 80, Talan; mid-season varieties – Omskiy 95, Krasnoyarskiy 1, Vorsinskiy and Omskiy 87. These varieties are recommended for wide use in the breeding process.
Key words: barley; adaptability; stress resistance; compensatory ability; stability
For citation: Sotnik A.Ya. Evaluation of barley varieties adaptive properties by productivity in the Priobskaya forest-steppe zone. Pisma v Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Lett Vavilov J Genet Breed. 2025;11(2):73-79. doi 10.18699/letvjgb-2025-11-11 (in Russian)
Funding: This work was supported by Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS budget projects No. FWNR-2022-0018 and FWNR-2024-0013.

Abstract: The increase in antioxidant content in wheat grain is a relevant global trend along with increasing yields. Using DNA markers for the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, three hybrid lines with black grain color and six with purple and light purple color were selected in the progeny from crosses between of k-44126 Triticum petropavlovskyi and line of soft wheat variety Saratovskaya 29 – S29BW4. All studied lines, regardless of grain color, had larger grains compared to S29BW4, reaching 53–59 mg in lines with light purple grains. Despite a decrease in the number of spikelets and grains per spike, lines L1 and L2 with black grains, as well as L7, L8, and L9 with light purple grains, demonstrated an increase in grain weight per spike and per plant by 1.3 to 2.1 times compared to S29BW4. Line L2 had the highest number of grains per plant, exceeding S29BW4 by 44 %. The highest anthocyanin content were characterized by blackgrained L1 and L2. L7 with light purple grain color was not inferior the anthocyanin content, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity levels of lines with purple grain color, but distinguished by its higher productivity.
Key words: wheat; purple and black grain color; Pp-D1, Pp3 and Ba1 genes; DNA markers; T. petropavlovskyi; anthocyanins; phenolic compounds; antioxidant activity
For citation: Chumanova E.V., Efremova T.T., Sobolev K.V., Kosyaeva E.A. Development and characterization of wheat hybrids Triticum petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch. × Triticum aestivum L. with large colored grain and increased antioxidant content. Pisma v Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Lett Vavilov J Genet Breed. 2025;11(2):80-89. doi 10.18699/letvjgb-2025-11-12 (in Russian)
Funding: This work was supported by grant No. 24-26-20028 from the Russian Science Foundation and the Ministry of Science and Innovation Policy of the Novosibirsk Region (No. p-99).
Acknowledgements: Plant cultivation in the greenhouse was supported by the budgetary project ICG SB RAS FWNR-2022-0017.

Abstract: Currently, it is of particular interest to establish the effect of doubling the number of chromosomes on breeding-significant traits in the breeding process. In 2018–2021, field and laboratory studies were conducted to compare the economically valuable characteristics and properties of the original diploid rye varieties and their tetraploid analogues in Western Siberia. The material for the study was two pairs of analogues: diploid varieties Korotkostebelnaya 69 and Chulpan and their tetraploid forms Tetra Korotkaya and Vlada. As a result of the comparative analysis, during the transition from the diploid to the tetraploid level, there is a similarity of characteristics in height and winter hardiness of plants, since the inheritance of these characteristics is polygenic, which favorably affects the resistance of plants to stress. In tetraploid analogues, there is a significant increase in yield by 17.2–23.5 % and grain size by 1.2–1.5 times, therefore, a doubling in the number of chromosomes significantly leads to a pronounced variability in yield and weight of 1,000 grains. In addition, there is an increase in grain weight from the ear by 0.07–0.72 g and grain weight from the plant by 1.08–1.83 g, which ultimately increases yields compared to their initial diploid forms. The undesirable effect of doubling the number of chromosomes on such signs as lacustrine conditions, productive bushiness, grain type, number of falls and the growing season has been established. Thus, the results of the study indicate that polyplodification in rye increases the efficiency of using tetraploid winter rye varieties in agricultural production in Western Siberia, due to high winter hardiness, lodging resistance, yield and grain size.
Key words: winter rye; polyploidy; variability; trait
For citation: Ermoshkina N.N. The results of a comparative assessment of the initial diploid rye varieties and their tetraploid analogues in Western Siberia. Pisma v Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Lett Vavilov J Genet Breed. 2025;11(2):90-96. doi 10.18699/ letvjgb-2025-11-13 (in Russian)
Funding: The work was supported by the budget project of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences No. FWNR-2022-0018.
Acknowledgements: The author expresses sincere gratitude to the candidate of biological sciences G. V. Artemova for her assistance in the work and gratitude to the reviewers for their contribution to the expert assessment of the study.